What You Should Know About Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that attempts to explain the movements of the Earths lithosphere that have formed the landscape features we see across the globe today. By definition, the word plate in geologic terms means a large slab of solid rock. Tectonics is a part of the Greek root for to build and together the terms define how the Earths surface is built up of moving plates. The theory of plate tectonics itself says that the Earths lithosphere is made up individual plates that are broken down into over a dozen large and small pieces of solid rock. These fragmented plates ride next to each other on top of the Earths more fluid lower mantle to create different types of plate boundaries that have shaped the Earths landscape over millions of years. History of Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics grew out of a theory that was first developed in the early 20th century by the meteorologist Alfred Wegener. In 1912, Wegener noticed that the coastlines of the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa seemed to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. Further examination of the globe revealed that all of the Earths continents fit together somehow and Wegener proposed an idea that all of the continents had at one time been connected in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. He believed that the continents gradually began to drift apart around 300 million years ago - this was his theory that became known as continental drift. The main problem with Wegeners initial theory was that he was unsure of how the continents moved apart from one another. Throughout his research to find a mechanism for continental drift, Wegener came across fossil evidence that gave support to his initial theory of Pangaea. In addition, he came up with ideas as to how continental drift worked in the building of the worlds mountain ranges. Wegener claimed that the leading edges of the Earths continents collided with each other as they moved causing the land to bunch up and form mountain ranges. He used India moving into the Asian continent to form the Himalayas as an example. Eventually, Wegener came up with an idea that cited the Earths rotation and its centrifugal force toward the equator as the mechanism for continental drift. He said that Pangaea started at the South Pole and the Earths rotation eventually caused it to break up, sending the continents toward the equator. This idea was rejected by the scientific community and his theory of continental drift was dismissed as well. In 1929, Arthur Holmes, a British geologist, introduced a theory of thermal convection to explain the movement of the Earths continents. He said that as a substance is heated its density decreases and it rises until it cools sufficiently to sink again. According to Holmes it was this heating and cooling cycle of the Earths mantle that caused the continents to move. This idea gained very little attention at the time. By the 1960s, Holmes idea began to gain more credibility as scientists increased their understanding of the ocean floor via mapping, discovered its mid-ocean ridges and learned more about its age. In 1961 and 1962, scientists proposed the process of seafloor spreading caused by mantle convection to explain the movement of the Earths continents and plate tectonics. Principles of Plate Tectonics Today Scientists today have a better understanding of the make-up of the tectonic plates, the driving forces of their movement, and the ways in which they interact with one another. A tectonic plate itself is defined as a rigid segment of the Earths lithosphere that moves separately from those surrounding it. There are three main driving forces for the movement of the Earths tectonic plates. They are mantle convection, gravity, and the Earths rotation. Mantle convection is the most widely studied method of tectonic plate movement and it is very similar to the theory developed by Holmes in 1929. There are large convection currents of molten material in the Earths upper mantle. As these currents transmit energy to the Earths asthenosphere (the fluid portion of the Earths lower mantle below the lithosphere) new lithospheric material is pushed up toward the Earths crust. Evidence of this is shown at mid-ocean ridges where younger land is pushed up through the ridge, causing the older land to move out and away from the ridge, thus moving the tectonic plates. Gravity is a secondary driving force for the movement of the Earths tectonic plates. At mid-ocean ridges, the elevation is higher than the surrounding ocean floor. As the convection currents within the Earth cause new lithospheric material to rise and spread away from the ridge, gravity causes the older material to sink toward the ocean floor and aid in the movement of the plates. The Earths rotation is the final mechanism for the movement of the Earths plates but it is minor in comparison to mantle convection and gravity. As the Earths tectonic plates move they interact in a number of different ways and they form different types of plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries are where the plates move away from each other and new crust is created. Mid-ocean ridges are an example of divergent boundaries. Convergent boundaries are where the plates collide with one another causing the subduction of one plate beneath the other. Transform boundaries are the final type of plate boundary and at these locations, no new crust is created and none is destroyed. Instead, the plates slide horizontally past one another. No matter the type of boundary though, the movement of the Earths tectonic plates is essential in the formation of the various landscape features we see across the globe today. How Many Tectonic Plates Are on Earth? There are seven major tectonic plates (North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Indo-Australian, Pacific, and Antarctica) as well as many smaller, microplates such as the Juan de Fuca plate near the United States state of Washington (map of plates). To learn more about plate tectonics, visit the USGS website This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics.

Diagnosing and Living with Dementia - 737 Words

Today the first symptoms of dementia such as memory loss or problems with language lead to a diagnosis of the illness over varied amounts of time. It is not possible to get medication before the diagnosis. Therefore, diagnosing dementia early enables to have access to treatment, information and care. Yet according to the Department of Health, only 46% of the population living with the illness is diagnosed in the UK. The borough of Islington has an especially high rate of dementia diagnosis, with about 64% of the people living with the condition diagnosed. INSERT GRAPH ( with other borough of London or England? ) Last February, Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt pledged faster diagnosis times for people suspected to live with dementia. He wants the people seeing their doctors with concerns of living with dementia to be diagnosed within six weeks, instead of the current average of six months. NHS England will invest  £90 million to diagnose two-thirds of people living with dementia next year. (check styleguide)64% of the people with the symptoms are diagnosed in Islington, which represents 0.39% of adults in Islington according to the Public Health Observatory. To get a diagnosis, people who might have noticed signs of dementia have to visit their GP who will look at their medical history and talk with them to see if the symptoms are not caused by another condition. Then the person can be referred to a Memory Service, which includes clinical psychologists and specialisedShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of A Diagnosis Of Dementia911 Words   |  4 PagesHaving a diagnosis of dementia means someone has had a decline in mental awareness sometimes it can be bad enough to restrict the patient’s ability to perform their activities of daily living. Many times memory loss is the first sign and symptoms. Since dementia is a life-limiting disease, it is essential that doctors and clinicians have the best tools available. 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Older patients receive healthcare primarily from their general practitioners (GPs). [51, 52] Most patients and carers prefer their GPs to be the first source of professional help when dealing with dementia. [53-55] The Australian guidelines advocate early diagnosis by timely exploration of symptoms raised by patientsRead MoreAlzheimer s Effects On The Brain1133 Words   |  5 Pagesshrunk and damage is widespread throughout the brain. Diagnosing the disease is the first step to finding out what do to next. To be diagnosed one must be examined by a doctor who will run many tests. Doctors use several methods and tools to help determine whether a person who is having memory problems has â€Å"possible Alzheimer’s dementia† (dementia may be due to another cause) or â€Å"probable Alzheimer’s dementia† (no other cause for dementia can be found) (Alzheimer s Foundation of America, 2015)Read MoreDementia: How to Help a Loved One Essay825 Words   |  4 Pages Dementia has caused challenges and heartache for many families I have met. A loved one who no longer recognizes you could be difficult to cope with. I have had clients who do not know their own children and are unaware of their surroundings. Even though they have lived in the same home for over 30 years; it is now a strange new place to explore. Closets, bedrooms, and garages that were once frequented are now entered with caution and won der. Everyday items are puzzles just waiting to be solved.Read MoreAnalysis and Description of Dementia Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesDementia is characterized as a condition where the mental processes of cognition and memory start to deteriorate. It is described as a syndrome that hinders the daily lives of those who have it and is characterized by memory and thinking impairment. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s Disease and the second most common is vascular dementia. Dementia is a syndrome occurring usually, but not limited, to people over the age of 40 and is due to brain damage caused by natural deterioratingRead MoreA Look At Non Alzheimer s Disease1684 Words   |  7 PagesA Look At Non-Alzheimer’s Disease Dementias By Katie Bergstrom, PA-S ABSTRACT: The most common tendency in assessing patients who display signs of dementia is to evaluate them for Alzheimer’s Disease. This means that Vascular Dementia, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia are conversely overlooked as possible diagnoses. Special attention to clinical presentation and the use of diagnostic tests (such as the MRI) and assessment scales (like the Mini Mental State Exam) aid inRead MoreAlzheimer s Is The Greatest Known Risk Factor For The Individuals Ages919 Words   |  4 Pagesbrain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. It is the most common form of dementia, and may hinder an individual s performance of daily function. Sixty to eighty percent of dementia cases are caused by Alzheimer s. This disease is considered to be the greatest known risk factor for the individuals ages sixty and older. Most of the population affected by the disease with noticeable symptoms are sixty-five and older, with men living approximatelyRead MoreAbout Alzheimers Disease And Dementia822 Words   |  4 Pages An Altered Life About Alzheimers Disease and Dementia. (2014, February). In Alzheimers Foundation of America . Retrieved September 25, 2017, from https://alzfdn.org/caregiving-resources/about-alzheimers-disease-and-dementia/ The Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, in layman terms, provides quick and easy information about what Alzheimer’s is, which I believe will be helpful for my readers. The accredited foundation simplifies the disease by describing it as a progressive brain disorder. TheRead MoreSocial Work with Dementia Patients1788 Words   |  8 PagesHISTORY OF DEMENTIA: The human brain is extraordinary organ. It stores our memories, vision, hearing, speech, and capable of executing executive higher reasoning and functions setting us apart from animals. Today we know more about the human brain because of medical advances and the development of technology. These brain disorders have been studied for years and many others would classify dementia as a mental illness because it causes cognitive impairments. The following paragraphs will discuss

Commercial aviation Free Essays

Introduction Yield management can be described as the collection of processes, techniques used by airlines to make its customers pay as much as possible for their seats, while maintaining load-factor., (Alderighi et al, 2012). Mittal et al (2013) added that it has become near impossible to sustain a business without affective yield management, in particular when capacity is constrained. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial aviation or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was also noted that increased competition through low-cost carriers has created an environment where yield management must be monitored to ensure carriers can compete effectively on price, (Vila, 2011). This assignment will consider how airlines use yield management as a tool to meet management strategies, providing examples to support research. The strategies that emerge from this use will also be considered along with their effectiveness. The main strategy of the airline is to maximize revenue from its available inventory of stock (its seats). The strategy is to sell the right seats to the right people, (Kimes, 1989). The airline must find a trade-off between discounting its seat to increase sales and fill its inventory, while selling full-fare tickets to generate profits its operations, (Vila, 2011). Airlines Fixed Capacity The reasoning behind the need for yield management is the fixed capacity faced by airlines. Airplanes have a fixed capacity (seating) and so will attempt to generate the greatest income from the availability. Furthermore, airlines must also consider that their operations face a high-level of fixed costs in terms of staffing, fuel etc. Given this, the airline needs to manage capacity to ensure profitability, (Sheehan, 2013). The equation for yield management could be shown as: The formula above compares the revenue achieved with the maximum potential revenue. For example, take an aircraft with 200 seats, which could each sell for ?100, adding up to maximum potential revenue of ?20,000. However, the carrier has only sold 150 seats at an average of ?80 (total ?12,000 revenue) per seat given early discounts and last-minute offers. Given this, the equation will be: Market Segmentation With the above, airlines have generally been successful given their ability to segment the market with a number of strategies. Firstly, airlines have adapted their strategies to offer a number of ticketing options, allowing them to differentiate prices, also seen in the hotel sector in terms of room offering, Dunbar (2003). One main factor is flexibility; some consumers will prefer the lowest-cost ticket with non-cancellation or change, while some will be willing to pay more for the same seat given the flexibility to cancel/change their booking. Another example could be the timing of flights; some consumers will be willing to pay more for daytime flight than an overnight flight, while again, some consumers will be willing to pay more for a direct flight than a flight with numerous changes, (Shaw, 2012). However, airlines are able to use connection flights as a way to control inventory by flying consumers to a hub airport, where they can then fill up other flights capacity. For example, take a journey from London Heathrow to Tokyo; a consumer could either fly direct with British Airways for around ?900/ return or fly with Emirates, with a connection in their Dubai hub, for around ?650/ return, with Emirates benefitting from filling up inventory on its flights, (Expedia, 2014) [Online]. Finally, one the most common forms of segmentation is different ‘classes’ available on flights. While some of the cheaper airlines only offer standard class to focus on the price-sensitive consumers, major airlines have developed a number of classes to differentiate pricing. For example, a consumer could fly economy, premium economy, extra-legroom, business-class and first-class, which all over a slightly different service, allowing the airline to charge a different price as well as appealing to different customers, (Belobaba et al, 2009). Inventory To airlines, their inventory is their seat capacity, which could be seen as ‘perishable’ – if the plane departs with empty seats, the capacity is lost and no revenue can be derived. Again, this brings into question a trade-off, between selling advanced tickets at a lower price to ensure a desired ‘load-factor’, while also saving capacity in the hope that a higher-paying customer will purchase. This brings into question fluctuating demand by time and season. Yield Management may be used as a tool to smooth the demand pattern, which may see some airlines fares change by the hour/ day, (Alderighi et al, 2012). For example, an airline may increase its business class seats during the week, working hours; given the main demand for this offering will be business travelers, who would be more likely to make the booking during the working week. Furthermore, an airline may also increase its price during peak seasons, given the higher underlying demand, leading to increased revenue, which could then be used to support lower prices in the low season to entice customers. Airlines will respond to increased demand by upping prices; an example could be seen with flights from the UK to Brazil for the upcoming World Cup (Clarke, 2013) [Online]. According to Lufthansa Systems (2014: 1) [Online]: â€Å"Today’s airline business is evolving into a two-tier industry: global alliances are reaching worldwide coverage and no-frills carriers are gaining market share with a low-cost, point-to-point product.† No-Frills airlines increase competition The continued expansion of no-frills airlines coupled with the recent economic depression has combined to dampen demand for major carriers such as British Airways (BA), KLM on some routes, (Alderighi et al, 2012). This move has been supported by new, more fuel-efficient aircraft and also development of infrastructure, which has allowed these low-cost carriers to operate from new ‘hubs’, (Weiss, 2014) [Online]. For example, in London, the majority of major international carriers such as BA, Emirates, Virgin operate predominantly from London Heathrow, however, the development of Stansted airport has provide greater capacity for Ryanair and EasyJet, at lower costs, while the infrastructure development has allowed the airport to be a viable option for customers throughout London and the South, (Neufville, 2008). Closer Integration to Control In a bid to counter increased competition and improve capacity efficiency, airlines are continuing to integrate and form alliances, (Merkert, 2012). For example, BA recently merged with Spain’s Iberia, given it greater access to South American routes, (BBC Business, 2010) [Online], while also buying smaller regional UK carrier BMI, to take control over its Heathrow landing slots, (CAPA, 2013). Furthermore, BA is also part of the ‘OneWorld’ alliance, with other airlines such as American Airlines (AA) among others, (OneWorld, 2014) [Online]. Apart from OneWorld, Star-Alliance and SkyTeam are the other major alliances. These alliances allow airlines to share capacity, reducing the need for direct competition on a number of routes, which could then lower price. According to IATA (2013), customers now demand a ‘from anywhere to anywhere’ service, which is impossible for one airline to supply efficiently, increasing the need for connection flights and multiple carriers. On their own, few airlines would be able to generate the needed traffic to justify a daily non-stop service; furthermore some airlines may be constricted by availability of infrastructure and flight capacity, (CAPA, 2013). For example, take BA, the airline is currently restricted by capacity at Heathrow airport, which may restrict its opportunity to serve each US route; however through joining with AA in the alliance, BA could offer services a selected number of major US hubs, where AA could then fly customers onto their final destination, (Wu, 2014). This will also reduce the need for major capital deployment into new air craft from BA, BA could focus these resources on new routes and emerging markets for example. Research from Brueckner and Spiller (1994), Bailey and Liu (1995) and Brueckner and Whalen (2000) all concluded that consumers put great emphasis on price and network scope. Network scope is increasingly relevant for business travelers as globalization opens up new markets and opportunities, increasing the need for services to a wide range of destinations. Network depth, with a choice of convenient timings for travel, is also important for these passengers, (IATA, 2013). However, not all airlines have adopted alliances, instead moving on with major expansion plans, with the main example Emirates. The airline has increased its fleet in a bid to expand routes rapidly; however, this has been supported by major capacity at its Dubai hub coupled with a favorable location between the growing African and Asian markets. Furthermore, backing from Dubai, who are pushing to turn the emirate into a major tourism destination are supporting major capital outlays on new aircraft, also allowing the carrier to undercut on prices, (Arabian Money, 2013) [Online]. Technology Carriers can also use technology in a bid to aide yield management. For example, carriers can use a Computer Reservation System (CRS) to track purchases of seats in terms of time, price. As more sales move online and onto carrier websites, carriers will find it easier to track demand for their flights. With this information, carrier ay determine optimum times to sell higher-priced tickets or levels at which to discount to attract sufficient demand to fill the plane. Carriers could also utilse information from Global Distribution Systems (GDS) such as Galileo Desktop, which is: â€Å"Galileo Desktop is a sophisticated global reservation, business management and productivity system that gives you vast content options, accurate pricing capabilities, and highly capable booking tools.† (Travelport, 2014) [Online] These systems could be used along with information from Passenger Name Records (PNR) to analysis customer behavior and buying habits to ensure greater achieved revenue. For example, a carrier such as Ryanair may use the data to determine its optimal pricing, given the focus on price for low-cost airlines. This may prevent the carrier from over-discounting on tickets, increasing achieved revenue. The more information that a carrier can collect on customer behavior, the greater chance they have of determining a pricing strategy to achieve the greatest revenue, (Wensveen, 2011) Concluding Remarks From the discussion above, the issue of yield management has gained greater emphasis as the continued expansion of ‘No-Frills’ airlines and a more price-sensitive consumer have led to greater need to control costs. In a bid to control their revenue, airlines have adopted a number of methods, with market segmentation continuing to be a main point. Airlines have focused on splitting the market, offering new seat/booking options to justify a differing price; to add, with the deliveries of the new Airbus A380’s, a number of airlines are increasing the top-market offerings such as individual cabins and lay-down beds to increase revenue from the business/first-class segment, allowing them to compete more effectively for the price-sensitive consumer in economy class. Furthermore, airlines are now concentrating on joint ventures and alliances to further increase efficiency and reduce costs in a bid to maintain yields as increased competition put little potential for price increases. The discussion has shown that these ventures provide great potential for airlines when faced with capacity and infrastructure issues. References Alderighi, M, Nicolini, M and Piga, C (2012): Combined Effects of Load Factors and Booking Time on Fares: Insight from the Yield Management of the Low-Cost Airline, Italy, Italy, Fondazione Eni. Alderighi, M, Cento, A, Nijkamp, P and Rietveld, P (2012)1: Competition in the European aviation market: the entry of low-cost airlines, Journal of Transport Geography, 24, pp223-233. Arabian Money (2013) [Online]: Seat sale as Emirates expands aggressively for market share, Available at http://www.arabianmoney.net/business-travel/2012/02/08/seat-sale-as-emirates-expands-aggressively-for-market-share/, Accessed 04/03/2014. Bailey and Liu (1995): Airline Consolidation and Consumer Welfare, Eastern Economic Journal, 21 (4), pp10-24. BBC Business (2010) [Online]: British Airways and Iberia sign merger agreement, Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8608667.stm, Accessed 04/03/2014. Belobaba, P, Odoni, A and Barnhart, C (2009): The Global Airline Industry, USA, Wiley. Brueckner and Spiller (1994): Economies of Traffic Density in the Deregulated Airline Industry, Journal of Law and Economics, 379. Brueckner, J and Whalen, W (2000): The Price Effects of International Airline Alliances, The Journal of Law and Economics, 43 (2), pp42-56. CAPA (2013): Heathrow Airports slot machine, UK, CAPA. Clarke, D (2013) [Online]: England fans warned to expect high-prices in Brazil, Available at http://www.direct-travel.co.uk/travel-insurance-news/england-fans-warned-to-expect-high-prices-in-brazil-801650475, Accessed 05/03/2014. Dunbar, I (2004): Market segmentation: How to do it, how to profit from it, USA, Elsevier Publications. IATA (2013): The economic benefits generated by alliances and joint ventures, USA, IATA. Kimes, S (1989): Yield Management: a tool for capacity-considered service firms, Journal of Operations Management, 8 (4), pp348-363. Lufthansa Systems (2014) [Online]: revenue Management and Pricing, Available at https://www.lhsystems.com/solutions-services/airline-solutions-services/commercial-solutions/revenue-management-pricing.html, Accessed 05/03/2014. Merkert, R and Morrell, P (2012): Mergers and Acquisitions in aviation-management and economic perspectives on the size of airlines, Logistics and Transportation Review, 48 (4), pp853-862. Neufville, R (2008): Low-Cost Airports for Low-Cost Airlines, Transportation Planning and Technology, 31 (1), pp35-68. OneWorld (2014) [Online]: Member Airlines, Available at http://www.oneworld.com/member-airlines/overview, Accessed 04/03/2014. Mittal, P, Kumar, R and Suri, P (2013): A Genetic Simulator for Airline Yield Management, International Journal of Engineering Research Technology, 2 (9). Shaw, S (2012): Airline marketing and management, UK, Ashgate Publishing. Sheehan, J (2013): Business and Corporate Aviation Management: Second Edition, USA, McGraw Hill Professional. Travelport (2014): Galileo Desktop, Available at http://www.travelport.com/Products/Galileo-Desktop#, Accessed 04/03/2014. Vila, N and Corcoles, M (2011): Yield management and airline strategic groups, Tourism Economics, 17 (2), pp261-278. Voneche, F (2005): Yield Management in the Airline Industry, USA, Berkeley. Wensveen, J (2011): Air Transportation; A Management Perspective, London, Ashgate Publishing. Weiss, R (2014) [Online]: Lufthansa targets lower costs on new aircraft’s fuel use, Available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-10/lufthansa-targets-lower-costs-as-new-aircraft-help-savings-plan.html, Accessed 04/03/2014. Wu, C and Lee, A (2014): The impact of airline alliance terminal co-location on airport operations and terminal development, Journal of Air Transport Management, 36, pp69-77. How to cite Commercial aviation, Essay examples

Business Proposal ERP Replacement System

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Proposal for ERP Replacement System. Answer: Introduction The particular business proposal is generally the resultant of the investigations that are done to establish a business in the international market. So the market investigation gave a solution to the issues that are raised in pointing out the potential of the organization and the expectation that are placed for the organization (Gibson, 2015). So, therefore, the solution that provides all the possible recommendations which are being considered further by the personnel is ERP solution to the system of the organization. The line managers that are involved in the team are very much satisfied for the given recommendations and them also purposefully encourages the team for the give proposal to consider and to carry out the objectives of the company (Holtzhausen, 2015). Problem Analysis All the pros and cons of the system were systematically analysed for three weeks by the assigned departments which involve in settlement of the ERP system in the organization. This analysis is usually done to get the solution to the issues that are raised for the advantages, disadvantages and the other required factors like the cost of the system for the organization (Hofstetter Rosenthal, 2014). That is the reason the investigation that is being carried out has taken each and every factor independently by the team which focuses on the manufacture, effort, time, wastage etc. So basically the issues that led to the loss caused by the system in the organization are being analysed (Meloncon Henschel, 2013). Manufacturing This factor is being analysed for the check-out of the implementation of the ERP system to the organization. Therefore by the implementation of the ERP, all the data of the customer are being recorded but still the data are frequently checked in every entry. Sometimes the information of the order is somewhat different between the local language and the order language. In the further process, there are issues related to customization (Murante et al., 2014). So basing upon the survey by the team here expected the failure of the implementation of the ERP system. So some issues were also found in the poor quality of the software. Administration The admin part usually keeps a check on the challenges that are being faced by the employees by the ERP implementation. Basically, admin takes the responsibility of the customer information and can access the information of the clients. In all these processes when the admin handles the customer then the whole process of the admin takes a long time with a clumsy process which generally sometimes shows the incorrect databases or the records (Steel et al., 2013). Due to this many system errors occur and the record update also creates many issues. It is also evident that the team members those are carrying out the process of evaluation they dont have any access to the any of the live databases of the offices. Therefore the admin part afterward lost the amount of the productivity that they have estimated or calculated to do (Simmons Small, 2012). Therefore the ERP implementations also have less satisfactory results in the business plan for both the organization and the customers. Sales The sales team were generally intended for the selling of the widgets for which the organization was there for. For this, the implementation of the ERP system is hopeful to give the significant effects for the organization (Schriver, 2012). The business plan basically has some ideas which the sales team says the advantages and the disadvantages. The sales team says that the ERP is generally not available in every condition which let them face many issues in the market in keeping the record of the invoice or in the collection of the payment. The access of the sales team in the overall database of the customer is basically restricted which is a big lacuna for the organization as the sale steam will not be aware of widgets that have been ordered by the customers (Sung, 2014). Therefore there is a very big no satisfactory feedback from the sales team which ultimately wants only benefits for the Tangle Corp organization. Proposed Solution As there has been the idea of the implementation of the ERP system in the organization so that the team of the line managers who are fixed basically to work on the exploring of the solutions or the alternatives for the issues that are being raised by the ERP system. The line managers had given the solution to the ERP generated issues by giving a good network of the infrastructure of the company (Wilson Autry, 2015). They said that the fundamental of any organization is the implementation of such infrastructure software that will have a grip on the whole total database system of the customers of the organization. Therefore the procedure and potential of the other software in Tangle Corp also checked so that the benefits will be measured and implemented further (Wloszczak Jarosz, 2012). An effective and a well-structured network will be helpful in completing the whole purpose of the ERP system of the organization. The implementation of the ERP system is basically done for the maintenance of the network facility of the Tangle Corp that will be beneficial for all of the employees and the customers. For the implementation usually the Global Business Process Model is being used. This model basically is the representation of the whole total ERP software. The global business process model comprises of three layered levels (Wilson Autry, 2015). The system configuration level, object level and finally the occurrence level are the three processes of this model by which the whole process is being carried out. Costs A business plan or a business proposal has its most vital part is the cost calculation or the cost evaluation. Here the cost evaluation is done by the team of the line managers. The line managers were at first intended for the implementation of the system and calculated the cost according to the whole basis but further decided to take it on the monthly basis. This evaluation by the line management team is basically done by keeping an eye the situation of future which will be helpful in empowering the growth and revenue of the company and the increase in the establishment of the Tangle Corps rapport in the market (Steel et al., 2013). The ERP system is generally implemented for the operations of the Tangle Corp. For this, the organization will definitely get a long-term success in terms of money. The ERP software is neither costly nor is cheaper (Meloncon Henschel, 2013). This will eventually be helpful in bringing the Tangle Corp to the less estimation of the costs. This cost conser vation is generally taken as in monthly basis in which the whole service and its support and the maintenance are being considered. Summary The business proposal is proposed for the establishment of an organization Tangle Corp with affine and well-organized structure of it. For this, each and every aspect needed for the proposal is being checked which shows the strong research by the management of the organization that is meant for the evaluation for the organization. Therefore in the final term of evaluation by the line managers, they said regarding the replacement of the ERP system that has been implemented in the organization and also the benefits of the organization is also expected (Hofstetter Rosenthal, 2014). So the replacement of the system will lead to the enhancement of the business by avoiding all the challenges. This is also evident from the above-mentioned proposal is that the survey that has been done by the line management team is very much keen and intense, and also this survey is mostly expected to be that much accurate and precise which will result in meeting the needs of the Tangle Corp. Further by op ting the above-mentioned proposal will also be fruitful for the organization in developing it by every means as the scrutinization is done in the hands of the experienced members of the line management team. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Chan, S.C., Chan, C.C., Siu, A.M. and Poon, P.K., (2015). A conceptual model of patient-professional communication as a self-management skill: A latent growth change modeling.Disability and health journal,8(4), pp.602-610. Ding, H., Savage, G. (2013). Guest Editors' Introduction: New Directions in Intercultural Professional Communication.Technical Communication Quarterly,22(1), 1-9. Gibson, J. A. (2015). Reimagining the Rhetorical Canons for Professional Communication Pedagogy. Holtzhausen, D. R. (2015). The unethical consequences of professional communication codes of ethics: A postmodern analysis of ethical decision-making in communication practice.Public Relations Review,41(5), 769-776. Hglund, M., Njd, S. (2014). Professional Communication of the Tax Authorities.Intertax,42(8), 496-508. Hofstetter, A. M., Rosenthal, S. L. (2014). Health care professional communication about STI vaccines with adolescents and parents.Vaccine,32(14), 1616-1623. Meloncon, L., Henschel, S. (2013). Current state of US undergraduate degree programs in technical and professional communication.Technical Communication,60(1), 45-64. Murante, A. M., Vainieri, M., Rojas, D., Nuti, S. (2014). Does feedback influence patient-professional communication? Empirical evidence from Italy. Health policy,116(2 Steel, A., Diezel, H., Wardle, J. and Johnstone, K., (2013). Patterns of inter-professional communication between complementary and conventional practitioners providing maternity care services: a preliminary examination of the perceptions of CAM practitioner.Australian Journal of Herbal Medicine,25(2), p.57. Simmons, P., Small, F. (2012). 1 Promotion, monitoring and strategic advice: Professional communication in Australian local government. Schriver, K. (2012). What we know about expertise in professional communication.Past, present, and future contributions of cognitive writing research to cognitive psychology, 275-312. Sung, C. C. M. (2014). Book review: Stephanie Schnurr, Exploring Professional Communication: Language in Action.Discourse Communication,8(4), 432-434. Wilson, S., Autry, M. (2015). Development and Validation of the APICME Tool: Assessment of Proficiency in Inter-Professional Communication in Medical Emergencies.Obstetrics Gynecology,126, 55S-56S. Wloszczak-Szubzda, A., Jarosz, M. J. (2012). Professional communication competences of nurses.Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine,19(3).

Touro University International Essays (1331 words) - Economy

Touro University International ETH 501 Module 1, Case Assignment Dr. Steven J. Gold INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to research information about Martha Stewart and explain if, as a CEO, did Martha Stewart handle the indictment responsibly. By discussing these topics, I hope to offer some knowledge on Martha Stewart, her company and the indictment. I will conclude this report with a brief summary of the entire analysis, highlighting some of the most significant parts that the report contains. Martha Stewart Born Martha Kostyra, Martha Stewart as a child was a Straight "A" student. Martha Stewart won a partial scholarship to Barnard College in New York City and to help pay expenses she worked as a model. She began her college career studying chemistry, but later switched to art, European history and architectural history. After Martha's sophomore year she married Andrew Stewart after college she continued modeling and started doing television commercials. She quit modeling after her daughter was born and two years later started a career, as a stockbroker. She eventually left the stockbroker career and her and her husband moved to Westport, Connecticut were they renovated her famous house now seen in her television show. She eventually started a catering company and a retail store selling specialty foods and supplies for entertaining. Martha Stewart wrote articles for the New York Times and was an editor and columnist for the magazine House Beautiful. She also published the first of many lavishly illustrated books. She eventually started producing dinner- music, videotapes, CDs, television specials and dozens of books on food, weddings, Christmas, gardening and restoring old houses. Martha signed a contract with Kmart doing advertising and consulting, she became a contributing editor to Family Circle magazine, and started her own magazine, Martha Stewart Living, which she eventually turned into a half hour television show. Martha Stewart became a household name but in 2003 she would have charges brought against her and went to trial in 2004. Her charges included "Obstruction of Justice: Alleges that Stewart tried to hamper the SEC investigation into her stock sale by providing misleading information, Securities Fraud: Alleges that Stewart made false statements about her stock sale to deceive the investors in her company, Martha Stewart OmniMedia, Conspiracy: Alleges that Stewart and her broker Peter Bacanovic willingly worked together to obstruct justice and issue false statements, and False Statement: Alleges that Stewart lied when she said that she had an arrangement to sell her stock when it dipped below $60, and when she stated she did not know the Waksal family was selling their stock"(The Cheating Culture, 2006). THE CASE Martha Steward had this to say to her fans " Dear Friends: I am obviously distressed by the jury's verdict but I continue to take comfort in knowing that I have done nothing wrong and that I have the enduring support of my family and friends. I will appeal the verdict and continue to fight to clear my name. I believe in the fairness of the judicial system and remain confident that I will ultimately prevail." She was accused of engaging in illegal insider trading. Stewart sold stock in a biopharmaceutical company called ImClone Systems, Inc on December 27, 2001 after receiving nonpublic information from Peter Bacanovic her broker working at Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated. Martha Stewart's trade occurred just before the release of a decision from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) about an important cancer drug "Erbitux" that was being developed by ImClone. On December 27, 2001, Peter Bacanovic learned that two of his other clients, ImClone CEO Samuel Waksal and his daughter Aliza Waksal, were selling of the ImClone stock they held at Merrill Lynch. In violation of Merrill Lynch policies governing the confidentiality of client transactions, Peter Bacanovic instructed his assistant, Douglas Faneuil, to tell Martha Stewart about the Waksals' action, which was not public information. Information that the Waksals' were selling would have been important to the reasonable investor because, among other things, those sell orders signaled insider doubt about the anticipated FDA decision, the prospects for Erbitux, and the future of ImClone. Martha Stewart placed an order to sell all 3,928 shares of her ImClone stock, which saved her $45,673. The Securities and Exchange Commission then filed charges. MARTHA'S ACTION As CEO of her company I believe Martha Stewart's conduct was unethical. It most closely identifies with an ethical egoist. She only thought about how her action would affect her and not the rest of her stockholders. During many interviews she explained that she was mostly sorry for how this

My Childhood essays

My Childhood essays The experiences of my past are undeniable. It goes without saying that my childhood was more than just a learning experience. These are my greatest memories! This is an essay is not only on my childhood but also about the lessons I have learned throughout my childhood. At the age of 3 or so, my mom and dad moved to the states. My mother, originally from Germany, brought us overseas due to my father who was in the United States Army. I can not tell you what his rank was or pretty much any other detail about him because I honestly do not recall anything of the sort. I remember that at one point and time we lived in Colorado Springs, Colorado. My sisters and I would play outside constantly more than likely because we had a tendency to drive our parents crazy with our wild and rambunctious nature. I recall we would run around in the yard jumping as high as we possible could trying so hard to catch the huge balloons that would float above us. As far as we could tell they were coaxing us begging for our attention! We were willing to give that attention struggling with our minds trying to find some way to get them down. The harder we tried the easier is seemed we were able to fail on that specific attempt. It seemed as though just as we had moved to thi s glorious land we were being forced to move. Feeling as though we had been given the worst punishment in the world, we packed up our possessions and moved away. This landed us into the great land of Truth or Consequences, New Mexico. I really remember that city more than others that we had lived in. This is where the evil turkey once lived. I dreaded every day that I had to come face to face with this demonic animal. I would go outside to play and of course my picking on this bird that was four times my size really did not help matters. He would run after me pecking my clothes looking for god knows what and of course I would curl up into a ball begging it to leave...

Learning style inventory paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning style inventory paper - Essay Example The assessment of learning style in this assessment has used multi-intelligence theory, and as evident from the analysis, I although have different forms of intelligence, my predominant intelligence is intrapersonal. I have scored positive points in each of the questions posed in section 4, and according to this theory my intelligence is intrapersonal. This means I have ability of self-analysis and reflection. I can quietly contemplate my accomplishments. I often examine my own feelings and behaviour. I set goals for myself through examination of my abilities and through plans. In a nutshell, I have capacity to know myself. It also indicates I would benefit from learning myself with my own effort with preference for belonging to my own private world through independent and introspective learning. Since in most of the cases I focused on my thoughts and concentrated on my feelings I would say that my learning style is intrapersonal. The learning style is an important parameter for development of an educational programme. The learning style, as indicated by Dureva and Tuparov (2006), reflect the method of processing and accepting information by the learners. Therefore, while designing an educational programme, awareness of student learning styles would be very important (Dureva and Tuparov, 2006). Evans and Waring (2006) indicated in their study that although many of the differences of learning achievements between different cognitive styles were not apparent, at least the interpersonal and intrapersonal characteristics of the wholists and the analytics were perceived to be important in designing a program of education. They are known to considerably impact the delivery and planning in the classroom. It has been concluded that if a truly inclusive educational program is intended to be designed, due consideration to the learning styles of the students must be paid (Evans and Waring, 2006). Applying Hoerr (2000) p rinciples, the

From what frequent activity do you derive your greatest joy Why is Personal Statement

From what frequent activity do you derive your greatest joy Why is this activity meaningful to you, and how does it shape your perspective on life (500 words or less) - Personal Statement Example Athletes were the epitome of power for me and, of course, I imagined myself playing. I never missed Yankee games and patiently waited for the day I would come to the stadium with my dad. However, it was not all I wanted to do in my life. Growing up, I was becoming more and more interested in the strategy of the game and baseball coaching seemed to be the best role I could have in my life. Everything changed when I had the opportunity to try myself as a coach in 11th grade. I started volunteering as a coach at the 68th Precent youth little league in Brooklyn, New York. I recollect this experience with a smile on my face because it was so great to help little kids to succeed. I was more than a coach for those kids; I tried to be a role model for them and showed that good deeds always paid back. Several children in my team had special needs and I felt really great helping them to boost their achievements in sport and in life making them more open for communication and new things. We shared many special moments with the team; even though not all of them were happy, there was a special atmosphere that surrounded our communication. All those kids reminded me of myself; I experienced the same problems, felt badly when I could not play well and was excited when my team won the game. Overall, I understood that baseball coaching was what I needed to do to be happy. This coaching experience explains many things to me. I realize that many things in life are not about winning. It is more pleasant to be happy and share happiness with other people. Brought up to be over-achievers, my generation often strives to win under any circumstances but sometimes victory does not make people happy. Victory does make people feel better for some time, but this feeling disappears and leaves nothing after it. All in all, I like baseball because it is more than a game where one should win. I treat this game as memories about my

Ethical Issues in Adoption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Issues in Adoption - Essay Example The topic of adoption has sparked heated debate, especially in social, religious, and political forums. In such debates, people from various agencies have raised their concerns about the ethics of adoption. While the topic of adoption has gained wide acceptance across the globe, some quarters within the society still think that adoption is marred with ethical issues. Certainly, I agree that there are ethical issues in adoption just as Proops states in her article. In as much as opinions are divided whether adoption can offer the solution to marital problems, it is worth mentioning that the issue of adoption is ethically significant, especially in the contemporary world.Unlike two decades ago, the modern society has embraced adoption to the extent that some spouses opt not to bear their biological children. Most of these people claim that adoption offers a solution to barren couples and people who want to stay single. From this perspective, adoption appears to be right. Nonetheless, t he gay, bisexual, and transgender community, commonly known as the (LGBT), have taken adoption to a completely new level. Initially, adoption was meant to help less fortunate children and infertile parents. However, the question that rages today is whether to the gay community ought to adopt children. Nevertheless, another critical question is whether adopted children ought to live families where the parents are not straight or whether they ought to live with same-sex parents.

Junk and Fast Food

Junk and Fast Food Junk and fast food sale should be limited or banned in public schools as these food items have no nutritional value. Regular intake of junk food causes obesity and many other health related problems for children in the future. The main cause for the increase in sales of snacks and junk food is its increased availability and misguidance of nutritional value. Vending machines are installed in public schools which has given a boost to the sales of junk food. This junk food not only lacks in nutrition, but also it is the main cause of obesity in the young population and rise in heart problems in the adolescents. Nutritional Quality of Junk and Fast Food There is a conflict between the education of healthy diets at childs home and classroom and the availability of junk and fast food at lunch such as burgers and chips (Hoerr, 386). Not only the children consume the junk food available but also they consume soft drinks which are an added unhealthy intake. Young teenagers studying in public schools are the heaviest consumers of junk and fast food. They obtain around 25 to 40 percent of their total energy from junk and fast food (Hoerr, 386). The vended junk and fast foods are the least dense in Vitamins, fiber, protein and iron (Hoerr, 386). Type of items that are usually available for sale at the public schools is bakery sweets, candies, chips, biscuits and burgers. All these items are calorie filled with little or no nutrition. Nutritious food helps the child in school to gain energy as well as nutrients such as iron, calcium, vitamins and proteins. These nutrients are good for health of the child and keep the child active. A proper meal in the school allows the child to obtain these nutrients that are necessary for a healthy body and brain. Rise in Demand for Junk and Fast Food The total sale of vended snacks and other fast food available at the public schools increases continually every year (Hoerr, 386). Since the 1990s the sale of junk food and snacks has been predicted to rise every year by the food marketers. Marketers of the fast food and junk items have got a new market to focus on which is the adolescents in public schools. Fast food and vended snacks have become a popular choice for the youngsters, who need readily available food, when they feel hungry, and food which can be consumed easily and quickly (Hoerr, 386). This increasingly popular fast foods and snack items are the main factors which lead to obesity in the young people attending schools. Regular intake of this type of junk food with no nutrients causes obesity in children and other health related problems. According to a survey in New York and Atlanta, of the total 18% of daily fat calorie intake, the junk food contributed to almost half of the fat intake in adolescents (Hoerr, 386). Therefore half of the daily fat intake can be avoided by stopping the intake of junk food and fast food. The snacks marketers are now targeting public schools as their new target markets for increasing their sales of their junk and fast food items. Through the installation of unrefrigerated vending machines in public schools, the marketers were able to increase the sale of junk food products. Not only this, but through the misinterpretation of nutritional value of their products, they are able to make the adolescents consume junk food in place of breakfast. 6% of the youngsters (Hoerr, 386) who were surveyed in New York and Atlanta said they took junk food in place of breakfast. Obesity and Other Health Issues The availability of junk and fast food in public schools allows more calories for each meal (S.B Communications, 95) for the children and youngsters. Physical exercise has been diminished in the schools because of the introduction of new activities such as computer studies and gaming. Our lifestyle has become more and more dependent upon technology. Technology and innovation has given birth to new transport methods which are faster and require less walking to get to your destination. Children used to go out and play for fun and entertainment. The adolescents had other outdoor activities which helped in burning their fat intake, but nowadays the youngsters have other replacements such as computer games, internet and television. These platforms require no physical activity and therefore the fat intake from junk food does not get utilize. These were some of the reasons because of which the youngsters are getting more obese and gaining fat in their bodies. However, the main reason for the increased number of cases in obesity is the rising trend of having junk and fast food in replacement of meals. In the 1970s, a typical child used to watch television for an hour daily but nowadays a child watches television for three hours (S.B Communications, 95). This caloric intake of junk and fast food combined with no physical activities, has caused an increase in obesity rate to 20% from 5% (S.B Communications, 95) since the 1970s. The rate for African American adolescents is even higher and has reached 35% (S.B Communications, 95). The only way to reduce these rates is to restrict or completely ban the sale of junk and fast food in public schools. The regular intake of junk and fast food does not only increase a persons weight but also causes other health concerns. Especially in young adults, the regular consumption of fast food can reduce the ability of the body to fight the germs as there is very less nutritional intake. This causes the bodys defenses to be weak against any germs attacks. Other health issues that the regular consumers of fast food and junk food can experience are cardiac unrest, Coronary Artery Risk Development, increased waist circumference, lower insulin resistance and imbalance between the developments of High-Density Cholesterols and Low-Density Cholesterols in body. Although obesity causes some of the above mentioned diseases and health issues, but the person consuming junk food regularly is bound to have some or all of these health problems. Most of the junk foods have high sugar contents, which reduce the resistance of insulin to produce controlled sugar for the body. The adolescents and children in public schools can develop these diseases at a very early stage because of junk food intake. Hence junk and fast food items sale should be banned or at least restricted in all the public schools to protect the youngsters from developing these diseases and falling prey to obesity. Junk Food and Education on Nutrition According to a faculty member of Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, the children and youngsters should be taught the basics of nutrition and how important it is to get involved in physical exercise (Omaye, 108). According to this member of faculty, labeling food as junk and trying to get it out of the schools is not important (Omaye, 108) as education on basic nutrition and exercise is. I would strongly disagree to the view point of this faculty member and would support the suggestion of US Dept. of Agriculture which has defined â€Å"competitive foods to be those other than the ones served in the school lunch/breakfast program and offered at schools† (Omaye, 108). The US Dept. of Agriculture has suggested that alternatives to the current fast food should be developed and offered at public schools. This competitive food will be more nutritious and healthy than the junk and fast foods available for sale at the public schools nowadays. On the other hand, the faculty member in University of Nevada, Department of Nutrition, has suggested not to restrict the sale of junk food in public schools instead the children should be taught about the nutritious foods and importance of exercise. This is very similar to suggesting that drugs should be available for sale to the children but they should be taught about the adverse affects of abusing drugs. We should understand that most of the children and the adolescents are not mature enough to think about the adverse affects of the junk food and fast food. They like the taste of the junk food and the convenience of having fast food whenever they feel hungry. Trends towards Nutritious Snacks According to the research conducted by Hoerr and Louden in 1993, there is a demand for healthy and nutritious snacks in public schools (Hoerr, 389). In their research, they placed vending machines labeled ‘healthy snacks near to the junk food vending machines in a number of public schools. They recorded more sales from the vending machines selling healthy and nutritional snacks than the one selling junk food. This clearly shows that the youngsters have a preference for nutritious snacks over junk and fast food. Although some nutritious snacks are available in the market, but they have not been able to eye the competent junk and fast food brands in the market. One reason for the poor success of nutritional snacks is the unavailability of vending machines at the places where junk food vending machines are placed. Another reason for their failure is that not many nutritious snacks have been developed for unrefrigerated vending machines (Hoerr, 389). Conclusion According to a study conducted by Marcia Dadds, almost one third of the school children in New York are overweight (Dadds, S63). Most of the students did not like the lunch offered at school and spent $3 to $7 (Dadds, S63) on fast food meals. Although most of the students know about the health, appearance and weight problems that the junk and fast food cause but still they are unable to give it up because of the established taste. Because of the problems the fast food and junk food cause to the health of children and because of no nutritional value, it should be available in a restricted manner or completely banned from public schools. Other alternatives such as nutritious snacks should be embraced by the public schools for the betterment of health and future of the children.

Essay on Names in Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

The Importance of Names in Song of Solomon      Ã‚   Abstract:   In Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon, names have great implication.   Language is extremely personal and deeply rooted in culture.   Names are an integral part of language, and they help to establish identity, define personality, and show ownership through formal and informal usage.    " 'Tis but thy name that is my enemy; / Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. / What's Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot, / Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part / Belonging to a man.   O, be some other name! / What's in a name? that which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet; / So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd, / Retain that dear perfection which he owes / Without that title.   Romeo, doff thy name, / And for that name which is no part of thee / Take all myself."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the play Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare claims that a name is just a name; that it has no real significance.   Individual names and the names of cultural and racial groups can be very influential, however, as Malcolm X explains in his On Afro-American History, "So they'll say whites, Puerto Ricans and Negroes.   Pick up on that.   That's a drag, brothers.   White is legitimate.   It means what color they are.   Puerto Ricans tell you that they're something else, came from somewhere else, but they're here now.   Negro doesn't tell you anything" (16).   In Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon, which describes the tribulations faced by an African American family attempting to define and find themselves, names have great implication.   Language is extremely personal and deeply rooted in culture.   Names are an integral part... ...d many important lessons about his past as well.   It was possible to see the transformation from materialistic to concerned that Milkman underwent.   By coming to terms with his roots, Milkman was able to become whole; to become comfortable with who and what he was.   Knowledge is power, and having a name and a history are two of the most powerful things one could have.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Views: Toni Morrison. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1990. Malcolm X.   "On Afro-American History."   Audubon Ballroom, Harlem.   24 Jan 1965. Middleton, David. Toni Morrison's Fiction: Contemporary Criticism. New York: Garland, 1997. Morrison, Toni.   Song of Solomon.   New York: Plume, 1987.   Shakespeare, William. Romeo & Juliet. ed. Jane Backman. Lincolnwood: NTC Publishing Group, 1994.

New Historicist Criticism: Macbeth and the Power Essay

Stripped of Shakespeare’s poetic style and skilful characterization, Macbeth is revealed as little more than a petty tyrant. Like Machiavelli’s Prince, Macbeth seeks power as an end in itself and sees any means as justified provided it helps him achieve his goal. It is a standard image of power: an individual, or small group, occupying a position of authority from which he (seldom she) attempts to force his will upon others. Today’s equivalent of a feudal monarch is the power-hungry politician, the cult leader, or the ruthless business tycoon. But the new historicist conception of power is different; rather than being a top-down affair that originates from a specific place or individual, power comes from all around us, it permeates us, and it influences us in many subtle and different ways. This idea of decentralized power, heavily indebted to post-structuralist philosophy (see Derrida and Foucault), is sometimes difficult to understand because it seems to have a n intangible, mystical quality. Power appears to operate and maintain itself on its own, without any identifiable individual actually working the control levers. This new historicist notion of power is evident in Macbeth in the way in which Macbeth’s apparent subversion of authority culminates in the re-establishment of that same type of authority under Malcolm. A ruthless king is replaced with another king, a less ruthless one, perhaps, but that is due to Malcolm’s benevolent disposition, not to any reform of the monarchy. Similarly, the subversion of the play’s moral order is contained, and the old order reaffirmed, by the righteous response to that subversion. In other words, what we see at the beginning of the play–an established monarch and the strong Christian values that legitimize his sovereignty–is the same as what we see at the end of the play, only now the monarchy and its supporting values are even more firmly entrenched thanks to the temporary disruption. It is almost as if some outside force carefully orchestrates events in order to strengthen the existing power structures. Consider, for example, a military leader who becomes afraid of the peace that undermines his position in society. In response to his insecurity, he creates in people’s minds the fear of an impending enemy–whether rea l or imaginary, it doesn’t matter. As a consequence of their new feelings of insecurity, people desire that their leader remain in power and even increase his power so that he can better defend them from their new II enemy. II The more evil and threatening our enemies are made to appear, the more we believe our own aggressive response to them is justified, and the more we see our leaders as our valiant protectors (Zinn,Declarations of Independence 260-61,266). Military or political power is strengthened, not weakened, when it has some kind of threatening subversion of contain ( Greenblatt 62-65). The important point about the new historicist notion of power, however, is that it is not necessary for anyone to orchestrate this strengthening of authority. Duncan certainly doesn’t plan to be murdered in order that the crown will be more secure on Malcolm’s head after he deposes Macbeth. The witches can be interpreted as manipulating events, but there is nothing to indicate that they are motivated by a concern to increase the power and authority of the Scottish crown. It is not necessary to believe in conspiracy theories to explain how power perpetuates itself; the circular and indirect, rather than top-down, way in which power operates in society is enough to ensure that it is maintained and its authority reinforced. The theater illustrates this point in that the Renaissance theater–its subject matter, spectacle, emphasis on role-playing–drew its energy from the life of the court and the affairs of state–their ceremony, royal pageants and progresses, the spectacle of public executions (Greenblatt 11-16). In return, the theater helped legitimate the existing state structures by emphasizing, for example, the superior position in society of the aristocracy and royalty. These are the class of people, the theater repeatedly showed its audience, who deserve to have their stories told on stage, while common people are not worthy subjects for serious drama and are usually represented as fools or scoundrels. Revealing the inherently theatrical aspects of the court and affairs of state runs the risk of undermining their authority–if people on stage can play at being Kings and Queens, lords and ladies, then there is always the possibility that the audience will suspect that real Kings and Queens, lords and ladies, are just ordinary people who are playing a role and do not actually deserve their position of wealth and privilege. But the very existence of the theater helped keep the threat of rebellion under control by providing people with a legitimate, though restricted, place to express otherwise unacceptable ideas and behavior (Mullaney 8-9). Within the walls of the theater, it is acceptable to mock the actor playing a king, but never the king himself; it is acceptable to contemplate the murder of a theatrical monarch, but never a real one. Macbeth deals with the murder of a king, but Shakespeare turns that potentially subversive subject into support for his king, James I. Queen Elizabeth died without a direct heir, and a – power vacuum is a recipe for domestic turmoil or even war. The consequences of Macbeth’s regicide and tyranny illustrate the kinds of disruption that were prevented by the peaceful ascension to the throne of James, son of Mary, Queen of Scots. The â€Å"good king† of England ( 4.3 .147) who gives Malcolm sanctuary and supports his cause as the rightful successor to the Scottish crown is an indirect reference to James I. Macbeth is about treason and murder, but Malcolm’s description of the noble king (147-59), and the stark contrast between him and Macbeth, reinforces the idea that good subjects should see their king as their benefactor and protector. Shakespeare was not coerced into flattering his king. There was official censorship in his time, but it is unlikely that he needed anyone to tell him what he could or could not write; he knew the types of stories that were acceptable to authority and desirable to his paying public. Whether or not Shakespeare felt constrained by these limitations, or even consciously recognized them, is not the point; the point is that he worked within a set of conventions and conditions which relied upon and reinforced the governing power relations of his time, and so there was no need for him to be manipulated by a government censor looking over his shoulder. If Shakespeare had not known the boundaries of the acceptable, or had not conformed to the demands of power, he would never have become a successful playwright. According to new historicism, our own relationship to power is similar to that of Shakespeare’s: we collaborate with the power that controls us. Without necessarily realizing what we are doing, we help create and sustain it, thus reducing the need for authority figures to remind us what to do or think. Once we accept the cultural limitations imposed on our thought and behavior, once we believe that the limits of the permissible are the extent of the possible, then we happily police ourselves. .

Mr essays

Mr essays Many children suffer at the hands of adults - often their own parents. They are beaten, kicked, thrown into walls, and/or burned with cigarettes. They have their heads held under the water of toilet bowls, are scalded by hot water or they are forced to stand in freezing showers until they pass out. A child could be stuffed into running washing machines or sexually molested, suffer from neglect in the forms of starvation and lack of medical attention, and still go unnoticed by outsiders. In fact, it is estimated that three children die every day in the U.S. alone from one form of child abuse or another. It is a sickening practice that has no set standard of rules to finish off the persisting problem. Different states have different methods and agencies to help prevent abuse in the home, some work quite well while others bomb - a dangerous gamble when it comes to the life or mental state of a child. The precise number of deaths each year is not known because of the extent of most fatal ity investigations that could be suspected as child abuse but are seen as open and shut death cases. A report from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, however, depicts more than three million reports of alleged child maltreatment practices in the year of 1995 alone. Many more children are living with abuse rather than dying from it, too. So what steps are being taken to protect our nation's children? All states have a Child Protective Services (or CPS) system. This is the governmental system responsible for investigating reports of child abuse or neglect. In state after state, the CPS agency lacks the resources to respond adequately to the overwhelming number of reports it is legislatively mandated to investigate. All fifty states have child abuse reporting laws requiring reports of suspected abuse to be made by specified professionals and others whose work brings them into regular contact with children. Any citizen may report suspected abuse as...

Themes of Death in Emily Dickinson’s Essay Example

Themes of Death in Emily Dickinson’s Essay Example Themes of Death in Emily Dickinson’s Paper Themes of Death in Emily Dickinson’s Paper Emily Dickinson, as a poetic writer, composed most of her works with the theme of death, the entirety of which can be categorised into three different periods of writings; the earliest mainly contained the themes of death and immortality, personifying death and elegiac poems and lacked the intensity and urgency of her later poems or their fascination with the physical aspects of death (VAN DAESDONK 2007). Because of Dickinson’s immense fascination with this subject it is interesting to compare her pieces against each other to see how her view of death changed over the years of her writing. ‘The Only Ghost I ever saw’, written in 1857-62, is an example of the earlier period of Dickinson’s writing. There are many different interpretations of this piece, the most obvious one is that the poem centers on an individual who has encountered the spirit of a person and is shocked by the meeting. A deeper analysis shows the possibility of the poem being about how the persona, or Dickinson, is forced to reassess her loyalty or belief of Christianity through the encounter of a ghost. In contrast ‘How many times these low feet staggered’, written 1890, can be recognised to belong in her later period as its theme centres on the viewing of the corpse of a mundane housewife and the physical aspects of her death. The poem itself is in the first person persona and contains a grotesque dreary tone; and from the poem’s fascination with the corpse we can see Dickinson’s frustration and obsession with death. Concerning the form and structure of ‘The Only Ghost I ever saw’, the piece is a ballad, one of the two main forms of narrative poetry, as the poem uses the traditional ballad metre, which is made up of rhyming quatrains of alternative four-stress and three-stress lines. It is written in Iambic metre which gives the poem a soft flowing, lilting rhythm, this along with the many pauses throughout the poem cause the pace to become slow and smooth, much like the movement of the poem’s subject, a ghost, would be. ‘How many times these low feet staggered’ differs from this in that the metre of the poem is iambic, the first syllable of each line is unstressed followed by a stressed one, however the first line of he poem intentionally breaks this pattern. ‘How many times these’ makes the rhythm disjointed and gives the impression that the sentence itself is staggering like the line is trying to describe the housewife staggering over her work. The hyphen at the end of this line also helps to throw the rhythm off as it makes us pause in our reading, but, it also gives us time to stop and envision what the life of this drab housewife would have been like, and how hard it must have been if she would be ‘staggering’ her way through it. The idea about contemplating the dead woman’s life could be linked to the words ‘low feet’ as they are such usually unnoticed things to note about a dead person when normally a person would be looking at the face, it gives the impression that the persona of the poem is staring at the corpse’s feet in her death bed and wondering about how her life was life and what she must be feeling in death. The poetic voice of ‘The Only Ghost I ever saw’ has a dreamy tone to it which shows Dickinson’s feelings about death to be innocent, almost naive, in that she seems to view death and something peaceful and or sublime. However, in the final stanza the persona’s tone changes from the earlier dreamy quality of when they were speaking about the ghost and snaps to a harsher, berating tone, where the the persona never wants to remember meeting the ghost, which could be an indication of Dickinson’s realisation that the afterlife isn’t as simple and innocent as she first viewed it to be. Throughout the first three stanzas the lines all finish in a rhyme; ‘so’ and ‘snow’, ‘roe’ and ‘mistletoe’, ‘breeze’ and ‘trees’, which gives the poem a smooth flowing rhythm to it and a dream-like quality. However the final stanza breaks that pattern using ‘shy’ and ‘day’ which don’t rhyme, ruining the original lilting rhythm that the poem previously had, the breakage in the pattern accentuates the change in tone from dreamy to harsh. In contrast to the dreamy tone of the earlier poem, ‘How many times these low feet staggered’ has a distinctly more realistic and macabre tone to it. The mention of ‘flies’ gives us the image of decomposing meat as though the corpse were rotting which helps establish the more realistic side of what physically happens when a person dies, i.e their bodies rot. However the flies also clarify how monotonous the dead woman’s life and the tone of the poem is, as flies are known to continuously bang themselves against a window in their attempt to get out though them in what is obviously a futile effort which might have been what this woman’s life was like. The mention of the window also helps to create the idea that her death is the window of freedom she needed to finally escape such a droll life, emphasising the macabre tone by making death seem better than life. The phonology of ‘The Only Ghost I ever saw’ is mainly used to create the atmosphere and help with the imagery of the Ghost. The first simile of the poem in line three shows the reader the qualities of the ghost; ‘stepped like flakes of snow’ showing that his footsteps were light and pure, the delicacy of ‘flakes of snow’ also links back to the line about his clothes being ‘Mechlin’ which is lace, a delicate and intricate material (VAN DAESDONK 2007). Also in this line is sibilance the ‘s’ sounds of the ‘flakes’, ‘stepped’ and ‘snow’ help to emphasise the delicacy and how incorporeal the ghost is and give us a softer interpretation of it. In the sixth line the alliteration in ‘rapid like the Roe-’ ironically enough slows down the sentence creating a paradox, in that a line about ‘rapid’ movement is spoken so slowly, this is like the previous line ‘His Gait- was soundless’ which is also a paradox as it seems unnatural for any type of movement to be truly ‘soundless’. The paradoxes in the poem help to create an other-worldly atmosphere, which ties in well with the subject of this poem as a ghost could most definitely be described as an other-worldly creature, which belongs better in the spiritual plane rather than the mortal plane. Contrasting this, ‘How many times these low feet staggered’ uses man-made physical images to describe death, In line two Dickinson describes the dead woman’s mouth to be ‘soldered’, this imagery gives the conception that her mouth has been welded shut like metal and also gives the rather repugnant notion of how rigor-mortis has set into her body. These images link up to the idea of how in death this woman is unable to communicate with us, the living. The long vowel sounds in this sentence like in the words ‘only’, ‘soldered’ and ‘mouth’ cause the reader to to use excessive mouth motions which helps to create a contrast between us and our ability to pronounce these words and the dead woman who is so unable to move her mouth at all. In line 5 the two monosyllables ‘hot’ and ‘so’ give the line a seriousness and weight to it that tries to sober the mind and thoughts of the reader. The line talks of how the housewife was so often hot and sweaty from her long day of work and it links back to the earlier idea of staggering and again reminds us of how hard this woman’s life was. Another contrast between the two poems is the lack of nature, aside from the mention of a fly, in ‘How many times these low feet staggered’. Nature, which seems to be another favoured subject of Dickinson’s as we can see from her other poems such as ‘I taste a liquor never brewed’ and ‘Blazing in Gold’, is often referred to in ‘The Only Ghost I ever saw’. For instance the paradox of line five about the soundless movement would seem wholly unnatural were it not for the simile that follows after; ‘like the Bird’ this connects the paradox with nature and causes what would normally seem unnatural to feel perfectly normal and natural. Also because the poem has been set in winter time, ‘flakes of snow’, using birds in the line makes it seem far more realistic that the movement soundless because in winter time there is a substantial lack of birds, so there would be no movement and thus it’s ‘soundless’. In terms of the poem’s lexis, the use of the word ‘appalling’ in the final line of ‘The Only Ghost I ever saw’ is interesting because if you look up the word ‘appalling’ in the dictionary you’ll see that the definition is ‘causing dismay or horror. ’ However if you look up the origin of the word from 1810-20 the word comes from the Middle English ‘appallen’ taken from the Old French ‘apalir’ : ‘a’, to + ‘palir’, to grow pale (Howell, no date). This could be connected with the image of the ghost, who would stereotypically be a pale apparition, and would it in well with the interpretation of the poem being about how the ghost tests the persona’s faith in religion, The way Dickinson uses the word ‘adamantine’ to describe the corpse’s fingers in ‘How many times these low feet staggered’, whilst again showing us how rigor-mortis has set in, also gives the impression of how the corpse is precious to the persona as adamantine refers to â€Å"adamantine lustre of a  diamond†. The dead woman could have been precious to the persona; in life by how useful she was in looking after the house, or that in death the dead woman is precious as her body is the persona’s link into the world of death and the afterlife. The two poems themselves have very little in common with each other which is rather unusual considering that they circle the same subject and are written by the same person. ‘The Only Ghost I ever saw’ seems to show a young Dickinson’s innocent fascination with death shown though the dream-like tone and links to nature and therefore life, the final four lines break this by bringing about a harsher tone through the broken rhyme, which could be said to show Dickinsons fist steps towards the frustration and macabre fascination she shows towards death in her later works. Of which we see a lot of in ‘How many times these low feet staggered’, a more grotesque and dreary poem of death, seen through the referrals to man-made objects such as ‘handle’ and ‘hasps’ and the physical state of the housewife’s corpse. The changes in tone and view of death could have been brought on by age, as they were written about 30 years apart, and it’s inevitable that time could have matured Dickinson’s feelings about death, whether by the Civil War she lived though, and her brother fought in (VAN DAESDONK 2007), or the fact that in aging she was approaching the end of her life itself, thus creating an urgency in the need to understand what the next stage of life would entail for her. Bibliography: VAN DAESDONK H. 2007 Emily Dickinson Notes Teignmouth College, unpublished Dickinson, E. (1997) Emily Dickinson (Everyman Poetry) Phoenix The Only Ghost I ever saw (Wayne Howell, no date) Available at: 8georgetown/. edu/centers/endls/applications/postertool/index. cfm? fuseaction=poster. display (Accessed on: 21 February 2011) Optical properties of rocks and minerals (2004) Available at: rockcollector. co. uk/opticalprop. htm (Accessed on: 21 February 2011) Appendix: 274 The only ghost I ever saw 1 The only ghost I ever saw Was dressed in mechlin, - so; He wore no sandal on his foot, 4 And stepped like flakes of snow. His gait was soundless, like the bird, But rapid, like the roe; His fashions quaint, mosaic, 8 Or, haply, mistletoe. His conversation seldom, His laughter like the breeze That dies away in dimples 12 Among the pensive trees. Our interview was transient, - Of me, himself was shy; And God forbid I look behind 16 Since that appalling day! 187 How many times these low feet staggered 1 How many times these low feet staggered- Only the soldered mouth can tell- Try- can you stir the awful rivet- 4 Try- can you lift the hasps of steel! Stroke the cool forehead- hot so often- Lift- if you care- the listless hair- Handle the adamantine fingers 8 Never a thimble- more- shall wear- Buzz the dull flies- on the chamber window- Brave- shines the sun through the freckled pane- Fearless- the cobweb swings from the ceiling- 12 Indolent Housewife- in Daisies- lain!

Psoriasis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Psoriasis - Research Paper Example Thus, acceptance of the situation is an indispensable ingredient to maximize the clients’ adherence to any therapy. In this paper, the efficacy of the available treatment options for psoriasis will be comprehensively examined including the social issues affixed and outlook of the situation. In doing this, an overview of the disorder comprising the causes, risks, and pathophysiology will be briefly discussed. The cure for psoriasis has been a lifetime dream for dermatologists and affected clients. The quality of life of clients afflicted with psoriasis suffers greatly within 5 to 10 years after onset. Although it is not transmissible to other people, the appearance of the lesions affects the clients' social functioning (Winterfield et al, 2005). Traditional therapeutic regimens are continuously challenged by more recent discoveries in biochemistry and immunologic medicine. Some forms of treatment, like phototherapy and topical therapy, are used as a combination therapy rather t han used alone. In any case, minor and major adverse effects manifest themselves that limit the clients’ adherence to the prescribed therapy. Presently, medical practitioners continue to discover potential treatment options that would precipitate fewer side- effects. As the genetic correlation and immunologic alteration of the disorder are being studied, the use of biologic agents and gene therapy may become one of the treatment options in the future. Several scientists are becoming more and more aggressive in the treatment by using monoclonal antibodies purposely altered to suppress cell division of target cells (Winterfield et al, 2005). Pathophysiology The exact triggering mechanism involved in psoriasis consists of the dynamic interplay of individual factors and environment (Kumar et al, 2010). Although genetic predisposition to the condition has been recognized in some cases, the incidence of psoriasis remains relatively similar even in clients without a traceable family history. Moreover, the role of the environment as a risk factor can be seen in some clients when psoriatic lesions occur at areas with a history of skin injury, sunburn, and excoriation. Warm climates also appear to improve the condition (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2010). In addition, the immunologic causation of the condition can be observed in some clients who also developed debilitating arthritis. Because of this, psoriasis can be viewed as a systemic connective tissue disorder rather than a simple skin condition (McPhee et al, 2006). While it has been generally established that the onset of the condition occurs by 20 years of age, the condition may also manifest in older people at 57 to 60 years of age. Psoriasis is very common and affects nearly 1% to 2% of the population (Huether and McCance, 2006). The pathophysiologic basis of psoriasis highlights the involvement of an abnormality in the immune reaction in the skin which results from the overstimulation of the immune system (Kumar et al, 2010). Langerhans cells in the skin react with an unknown antigen, leading to T- lymphocyte activation which then attacks the keratinocytes. The resulting dermal inflammation causes scaling (McPhee et al, 2006). Normally, the cells in the basement membrane of the epidermis reach the outermost layer for about 27 days, while it only takes 4 to 5 days in the case of psoriasis. Cell maturation and keratinization are bypassed, thus the epidermis thickens and plaques form. Loosely cohesive keratin

Airport Operations Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Airport Operations Management - Case Study Example Dothan regional Airport is located in Dothan city which is one of the major cities in the U.S state of Alabama. This city derives its name from the bible; Genesis 37:17 " I heard them ,lets go to Dothan" and in most cases it is referred to as the ' The Circle City' due to its Rose Clarke Circle which encircles most parts of the city. According to the U.S Bureau of Statistics, the current population of the city is approximated to be 62, 713 in 2005. The area it covers is 224.8Km2 and it is located at 3113'38"N, 8524'26"W. On February15th 1965, Dothan Regional Airport was opened to serve as a commercial transportation aviation facility in the State of Alabama. By then, it was considered one of the best facilities in the state and served as a useful aviation centre for the economic activities within the state. First of all, the initial construction (of Napier Field) was developed in 1941 as part of meeting the expanding needs for the U.S Army Air Corps who found the area useful for their operations. During the World War II, the personnel in this army made the project to train more staff to meet the demands of the war at that time. This necessity gave it way for the construction process to begin. The field was named after one of the Army's flight surgeons, Major Edward L. Napier died in a plane crash in Ohio. Napier Field, as it was referred to later begin operating its major flights on October, 1941. The field also served as the training area for British cadets in the end of that year and also the Mexican army, P-40 group. Later on in the end of the Second World War, the army decided to deactivate the field which was to be reconstructed later as the Dothan Regional Airport. Under an agreement signed in 1946 by the City of Houston and the Dothan City, the filed was to be improved and subsequently made available for the two cities. Since the field remained unused for a long period of time, most of its land was used by the Houston City authority for other purposes. From that time, the airport was transformed through the formation of Dothan Houston County Airport Authority to oversee the completion of its construction, equipment and operation. It thus continued to expand progressively and has continued to offer the citizens of Southern Alabama a first class centre for the commercial aviation industry. The buildings in the airport houses companies such as Flight-line of Dothan, Pemco World Air Services, Alabama Jet Centre and Flight-safety International. Records available at the FAA offices indicate that the book value of the whole airport is approximately $14 million. Dothan Regional Airport Ownership The Dothan Regional Airport is publicly owned and is operated by the Dothan City-Houston County Airport Authority Inc. This authority consists of four members who are appointed to serve for four years each and consequently retire one per year for consistency in its operations. The members are appointed by each of the following; Dale County Commission,

A conceptual framework can be easily developed for accounting Essay

A conceptual framework can be easily developed for accounting. Critically evaluate this statement and provide examples to illustrate your answer - Essay Example Solomons emphasized that the accountants must not distort the financial statement to favor one or more parties to the detriment of the other equally interested parties (Solomons 1996). A conceptual framework can be easily developed for accounting. The prior pen and pencil manual recording of business transaction has metamorphosed into the current software based recording of business transactions. FASB and IASB published Conceptual frameworks as guides for the preparation of financial reports. The WorldCom, Enron, and other accounting scandals have precipitated to the U.S. Sarbanes Oxley Act. Presently, there is a move to harmonise the U.S. conceptual framework and the U.K. conceptual framework (King 2006). Interested parties contribute their inputs to increase the ease in formulating the conceptual framework of accounting. A conceptual framework serves as a guide in the preparation of accounting report. A conceptual framework can be easily developed for accounting. Further, the conceptual framework is a group’s painstaking endeavor. Persons and groups from different fields of interest meet to share their opinions, suggestions, comments, and criticisms during the proposal to create a new conceptual framework. Each party will try to make the finalized concept benefit its needs and wants. Finally, a compromised version is approved by a majority of the conceptual framework making group. The approved conceptual framework is then published in accounting journals and explained in the latest accounting textbooks. The companies, especially those listed in the London stock exchange, will incorporate the latest approved conceptual framework in the preparation of its financial statements. Furthermore, accounting is grounded on a conceptual framework. The conceptual framework is to present a fair and true accounting of the daily business operations of the company. Accounting is the language of business. Thus, different parties use the

The Anatomy of Decisions Essay Example for Free

The Anatomy of Decisions Essay †¢ In the real world managers are paid to make decisions on a daily basis, on how your firm’s resources are controlled to meet goals that have been set by higher managers or by yourself. †¢ There are some essential characteristics that manager’s share when making a decision; they are usually made with someone else’s money and need to be justified, they build on one another, the outcome is important to other people, and they are also forgettable. †¢ Decisions with other people’s money: As a manager and not being a self-financed entrepreneur, your job is to make decisions with the money of others, therefore a justification has to be provided to the financers. I believe this puts a pressure on the managers to make sure they make the right decision, since they are not using their own money. That is the reason why managers tend to make their decisions based on instinctive judgment. Previous experiences can save managers from telling their shareholders that they lost money based on the rational and analytically defendable decision. †¢ Decisions that build on each other: Previous experience can be very influential at the time of making the right decision. Managers are asked to â€Å"do their homework† before making an important decision, therefore they look back into previous decisions that have led them to the actual one and analyze what would benefit the firm the most according to previous decisions. Each decision is taken as more information becomes available. †¢ Decisions that matter: Every decision made weather is a good one or a bad one is valid and it matters. Bad decisions are the ones that push managers and the world to become better and keep working to make the right decision on future opportunities, in other words bad decisions are ways to keep progressing. †¢ Decisions that will be forgotten: The way memory works is very beneficial to managers when a good decision has been made. â€Å"Hindsight bias is a tendency to believe that we predicted what actually occurred, when in fact we forecasted the opposite†. After a decision was made and the outcome is positive, managers tend to forget what would have happened if the wrong decision were made. When a bad decision is made and a project fails, partners and other managers who supported the failure decision will claim that they always knew the plan was going to fail. They will believe that they were right all along the way, but never actually tried to convince the other manager to over look at different options before making a decision. In conclusion to this chapter managers are told by different texts and books diverse ways to be great decision-making managers. However, the best decisions yet made, have been made not taking in consideration the characteristics taught to managers through texts. â€Å"The challenge as a manager is not to denying our instincts and following rational theories that cannot work in the real world, but by understanding the strengths and weaknesses of how we do make decisions and by learning to handle uncertainty†. Great managers focus on success and forget failures.